在Linux 6.5通过rpm方式安装Oracle 19c
May172019
Oracle 19C已经正式发布了，在Oracle的官网就可用下载,初始版本是19.3.0.0.0，19C相当于12.2.0.3版本，是12C的最终版本，2020年发布的20C就不再属于12C的范畴啦。
说来也巧，10gR2从10.2.0.1一直到10.2.0.5一共有5个版本，11gR2从11.2.0.1一直到11.2.0.4一共有4个版本，12cR2只有12.2.0.1、18C、19C这3个版本，貌似从10g开始，每个大版本的版本数都比上一个版本少1个，是不是20cR2只有两个版本了？
19C要求至少在7.4及以上版本的Liunx系统上安装(18C要求至少在6.5以上版本的Liunx系统上安装)，6版本的Linux安装19C会遇到几处莫名其妙的问题，虽然处理之后也能成功安装19C，但不建议在生产环境使用。
从18C开始，Oracle就推出了RPM包的方式安装Oracle数据库，并提供下载独立RPM安装包，可用去官网下载。这种RPM方式安装数据库目前只支持单实例数据库安装，RAC还需要使用传统的安装方式安装。这种RPM包的安装方式，不依赖图形界面，同时也极大的简化了安装过程，就是个性化支持的差了一点。
本文主要记载在OEL 6.5版本的linux操作系统上通过RPM的方式安装Oracle 19C数据库。
使用OEL操作系统安装Oracle数据库，很多人都会依赖OEL自带的oracle-database-preinstall或者oracle-rdbms-preinstall这个rpm包，安装这个rpm包，会自动创建操作系统用户oracle，自动配置内核参数以及limit资源限制，还会安装一些安装Oracle所需的rpm包，基本上算是把操作系统层的前期准备工作一步到位了。
不同版本的OEL，自带的这个preinstall包支持的数据库版本也不同，比如本文使用的OEL6.5，自带的是11gR2的包，OEL6.10带的是12cR2的包，OEL7.5带的也是12cR2的包，OEL7.6带的是18cR2的包。所以要使用preinstall包的话，需要去下载支持19cR2的preinstall包，下载地址https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL7/latest/x86_64/getPackage/oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm。
[root@ora19c u01]# yum install oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Install Process Examining oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64 Marking oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm to be installed Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package oracle-database-preinstall-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================= Installing: oracle-database-preinstall-19c x86_64 1.0-1.el7 /oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64 55 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total size: 55 k Installed size: 55 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: oracle-database-preinstall-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1.el7 Complete!
安装完这个包之后，会自动创建oracle用户和相应的组，就不需要再去创建oracle用户和所需的组了，只需要设置oracle用户的密码即可。
[root@ora19c ~]# id oracle uid=54321(oracle) gid=54321(oinstall) groups=54321(oinstall),54322(dba),54323(oper),54324(backupdba),54325(dgdba),54326(kmdba),54330(racdba) [root@ora19c ~]# passwd oracle Changing password for user oracle. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
另外，内核参数和limit也会自动设置，不需要再去配置了。
[root@ora19c ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf # sysctl settings are defined through files in # /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/. # # Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/. # To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in # /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override # only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later # name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. # # For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5). # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for fs.file-max is 6815744 fs.file-max = 6815744 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for kernel.sem is '250 32000 100 128' kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for kernel.shmmni is 4096 kernel.shmmni = 4096 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for kernel.shmall is 1073741824 on x86_64 kernel.shmall = 1073741824 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for kernel.shmmax is 4398046511104 on x86_64 kernel.shmmax = 4398046511104 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for kernel.panic_on_oops is 1 per Orabug 19212317 kernel.panic_on_oops = 1 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.core.rmem_default is 262144 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.core.rmem_max is 4194304 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.core.wmem_default is 262144 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.core.wmem_max is 1048576 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter is 2 net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter is 2 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 2 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for fs.aio-max-nr is 1048576 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range is 9000 65500 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
值得一提的是，Linux 7的limit配置已经不在是/etc/security/limits.conf了，而是在/etc/security/limits.d目录下面。
[root@ora19c ~]# cat /etc/security/limits.d/oracle-database-preinstall-19c.conf # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for nofile soft limit is 1024 oracle soft nofile 1024 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for nofile hard limit is 65536 oracle hard nofile 65536 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for nproc soft limit is 16384 # refer orabug15971421 for more info. oracle soft nproc 16384 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for nproc hard limit is 16384 oracle hard nproc 16384 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for stack soft limit is 10240KB oracle soft stack 10240 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for stack hard limit is 32768KB oracle hard stack 32768 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for memlock hard limit is maximum of 128GB on x86_64 or 3GB on x86 OR 90 % of RAM oracle hard memlock 134217728 # oracle-database-preinstall-19c setting for memlock soft limit is maximum of 128GB on x86_64 or 3GB on x86 OR 90% of RAM oracle soft memlock 134217728
oracle-database-preinstall-19c.conf文件是安装preinstall包自动生成的，如果不通过安装preinstall包的方式，需要在/etc/security/limits.d/目录 下面创建.conf结尾的文件，添加相应的配置信息。
Selinux需要去关闭一下，hosts文件也需要去配置一下。
[root@ora19c ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. # SELINUX= can take one of these three values: # enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. # permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. # disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded. SELINUX=disabled # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: # targeted - Targeted processes are protected, # minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. # mls - Multi Level Security protection. SELINUXTYPE=targeted [root@ora19c ~]# cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6 10.9.15.20 ora19c
这样，前期的准备工作基本就完成了，可用安装数据库软件了。使用RPM的方式安装数据库软件，软件是安装在/opt目录下，要确保/opt目录有足够的空间，这个路径貌似是不能更改的。
[root@ora19c u01]# yum install oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Install Process Examining oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm: oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 Marking oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm to be installed Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================= Installing: oracle-database-ee-19c x86_64 1.0-1 /oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 6.9 G Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total size: 6.9 G Installed size: 6.9 G Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 1/1 [INFO] Executing post installation scripts... [INFO] Oracle home installed successfully and ready to be configured. To configure a sample Oracle Database you can execute the following service configuration script as root: /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure Verifying : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 1/1 Installed: oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1 Complete!
因为之前安装了oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm包，会把安装oracle软件需要的其他rpm包都装好，这里也可用使用rpm –ivh命令去安装oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm数据库软件，我使用的是yum安装的，效果是一样的。这里的日志输出，提示To configure a sample Oracle Database you can execute the following service configuration script as root: /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure，也就是可用通过/etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure命令来创建数据库，下文会用到。
在使用RPM的方式安装完数据库软件之后，会在/etc/sysconfig目录下面生成一个oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c.conf文件，里面记录监听和数据文件所在路径和EM的端口等信息，在这种安装模式下，会自动创建监听器，不需要额外创建了，这个文件默认是不需要修改，当然也可用按照需求去进行设置，我这里没有修改。
[root@ora19c sysconfig]# cat oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c.conf #This is a configuration file to setup the Oracle Database. #It is used when running '/etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB configure'. #Please use this file to modify the default listener port and the #Oracle data location. # LISTENER_PORT: Database listener LISTENER_PORT=1521 # ORACLE_DATA_LOCATION: Database oradata location ORACLE_DATA_LOCATION=/opt/oracle/oradata # EM_EXPRESS_PORT: Oracle EM Express listener EM_EXPRESS_PORT=5500
在/etc/init.d目录下也会生成一个同样名字但没有.conf后缀的文件oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c，这个文件是有必要修改的，当然也可以不修改之间使用。
[root@ora19c init.d]# vi oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 2345 80 05
# Description: This script is responsible for taking care of configuring the Oracle Database and its associated services.
#
# processname: oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c
# Red Hat or SuSE config: /etc/sysconfig/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c
#
# Set path if path not set
case $PATH in
"") PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/etc
export PATH ;;
esac
# Check if the root user is running this script
if [ $(id -u) != "0" ]
then
echo "You must be root user to run the configurations script. Login as root user and try again."
exit 1
fi
# Setting the required environment variables
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_VERSION=19c
export ORACLE_SID=DBDREAM
export TEMPLATE_NAME=General_Purpose.dbc
export CHARSET=AL32UTF8
export PDB_NAME=PDB
export LISTENER_NAME=LISTENER
export NUMBER_OF_PDBS=1
export CREATE_AS_CDB=false
文件比较长，正常情况下，我们只需要关注这些环境变量即可。这里我修改了ORACLE_SID和CREATE_AS_CDB这两个变量，CREATE_AS_CDB默认是true，也就是常见CDB，并且会根据NUMBER_OF_PDBS和PDB_NAME变量的设置创建相应的PDB，我这里设置的是false，也就是不使用CDB模式，创建常规的数据库模式。
[root@ora19c sysconfig]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c.conf configure
Configuring Oracle Database DBDREAM.
[FATAL] [INS-00001] Unknown irrecoverable error
CAUSE: No additional information available.
ACTION: Refer to the logs or contact Oracle Support Services
SUMMARY:
- [DBT-00006] The logging directory could not be created.
- [DBT-00006] The logging directory could not be created.
Database configuration failed.
这里遇到了DBT-00006错误，这个错误并不是因为路径不能创建导致的，具体原因是因为glibc版本太低了，19C要求glibc的版本至少是2.14，我所使用的6.5版本的linux，glibc的版本是2.12，使用sqlplus登录数据库会有直观的错误提示。
[root@ora19c Packages]# rpm -qa glibc glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.x86_64 [root@ora19c Packages]# cat /etc/oracle-release Oracle Linux Server release 6.5 [root@ora19c ~]# su - oracle [oracle@ora19c ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba sqlplus: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.14' not found (required by /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/lib/libclntsh.so.19.1) sqlplus: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.14' not found (required by /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/lib/libclntshcore.so.19.1) sqlplus: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.14' not found (required by /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/lib/libnnz19.so)
下面是2.14版本的glibc的下载地址。
ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/archive.fedoraproject.org/fedora/linux/updates/15/x86_64/glibc-2.14.1-6.x86_64.rpm ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/archive.fedoraproject.org/fedora/linux/updates/15/x86_64/glibc-common-2.14.1-6.x86_64.rpm ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/archive.fedoraproject.org/fedora/linux/updates/15/x86_64/glibc-devel-2.14.1-6.x86_64.rpm ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/archive.fedoraproject.org/fedora/linux/updates/15/x86_64/glibc-headers-2.14.1-6.x86_64.rpm [root@ora19c glibc]# rpm -Fhv glibc* warning: glibc-2.14.1-6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 069c8460: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:glibc-common ########################################### [ 25%] 2:glibc ########################################### [ 50%] 3:glibc-headers ########################################### [ 75%] 4:glibc-devel ########################################### [100%] [root@ora19c glibc]# rpm -qa glibc glibc-2.14.1-6.x86_64
升级完glibc之后，上面的DBT-00006错误就可用解决，通过sqlplus已经可用登录。
[root@ora19c ~]# su - oracle [oracle@ora19c ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon May 13 16:45:01 2019 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to an idle instance. SQL> exit Disconnected
然后再次建库，又遇到了DBT-50000错误。
[root@ora19c glibc]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
Configuring Oracle Database DBDREAM.
[FATAL] [DBT-50000] Unable to check for available memory.
[FATAL] [DBT-50001] Unable to check the value of kernel parameter {0}
Database configuration failed.
这个DBT-50000错误提示信息也是不准确的，这也是操作系统版本太低导致的，需要通过-J-Doracle.assistants.dbca.validate.ConfigurationParams=false参数跳过。编辑/etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c文件，找到下面这行，增加这个参数。
[root@ora19c ~]# vi /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c.conf $SU -s /bin/bash $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$DBCA -silent -createDatabase -gdbName $ORACLE_SID -templateName $TEMPLATE_NAME -characterSet $CHARSET -createAsContainerDatabase $CREATE_AS_CDB -numberOfPDBs $NUMBER_OF_PDBS -pdbName $PDB_NAME -J-Doracle.assistants.dbca.validate.ConfigurationParams=false -createListener $LISTENER_NAME:$LISTENER_PORT -datafileDestination $ORACLE_DATA_LOCATION -sid $ORACLE_SID -autoGeneratePasswords -emConfiguration DBEXPRESS -emExpressPort $EM_EXPRESS_PORT"
修改上面的配置文件后，成功建库。
[root@ora19c ~]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure Configuring Oracle Database DBDREAM. Prepare for db operation 10% complete Copying database files 40% complete Creating and starting Oracle instance 42% complete 46% complete 50% complete 54% complete 60% complete Completing Database Creation 66% complete 70% complete Executing Post Configuration Actions 100% complete Database creation complete. For details check the logfiles at: /opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/DBDREAM. Database Information: Global Database Name:DBDREAM System Identifier(SID):DBDREAM Look at the log file "/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/DBDREAM/DBDREAM.log" for further details. Database configuration completed successfully. The passwords were auto generated, you must change them by connecting to the database using 'sqlplus / as sysdba' as the oracle user.
通过上面的命令建库，会自动配置监听器信息。
[oracle@ora19c ~]$ cat /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = ora19c)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
)
)
但是oracle用户的环境变量，还是需要配置的。
[oracle@ora19c ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue May 14 21:34:15 2019 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Version 19.3.0.0.0 SQL> select cdb from v$database; CDB --- NO SQL> create user dbdream identified by dbdream; User created. SQL> grant connect to dbdream; Grant succeeded. SQL> conn dbdream/dbdream Connected.
这种rpm安装方式，极大的简化了安装过程，还不依赖图形界面，也不需要像静默安装那样修改很多的配置参数，真的很方便。
在Linux 6.5通过rpm方式安装Oracle 19c：等您坐沙发呢！
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